Разграничение оперативного эксперимента и провокации преступления: алгоритм судебной проверки
Keywords:
operational investigative activity and its results, operational experiment, provocation of a crime, verification purchase, admissibility of evidence, operational investigative measures, criminal process, formation of intentAbstract
Relevance. The distinction between an operational experiment and a provocation of a crime is driven by the need to improve legislation and law enforcement practices regarding the use of operational investigative activity results in criminal evidence. The author assumes that the formal registration of an operational investigative measure, in terms of formal adherence to its form, does not in itself guarantee its legality. The decisive factor here should be the actual content of the interaction between the subject of the investigation, the operatives, the confidants, and the applicants. Based on an analysis of legislation, the case law of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, as well as scientific sources, a system of criteria for judicial review of the legality of an operational experiment is proposed. These criteria include the preliminary justification for the operational investigative measure, the source of the initiative, the formation of intent, the intensity of the impact, the alternative nature of the individual's behavior, and the judicial verifiability of the communication. It is concluded that an operational experiment is permissible only when it is aimed at identifying, recording, or preventing existing criminal behavior, rather than at creating conditions for law enforcement agencies to commit a crime.
The purpose of this article is to improve the provisions of criminal procedure and operational-investigative legislation, as well as law enforcement and judicial practice regarding the use of the results of operational-investigative measures such as operational experiments as evidence in criminal cases.
Conclusions. The author's study of operational experiments as a category of investigative measures used in criminal proceedings was conducted taking into account not only the norms of criminal procedure and investigative legislation and the practice of the Constitutional and Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation, but also the evolving investigative and judicial practice of using their results, which allows for their distinction from criminal provocation. It is from this perspective that the requirements of current legislation, despite the contradictions in its content that prevent the full use of operational experiment results in criminal proceedings, will be methodologically correctly subordinated to the universal laws of dialectics. Their implementation in law enforcement activities of operational officers, investigators, prosecutors and judges is intended to ensure the identification and disclosure of crimes, including such crimes as bribery and drug trafficking, their investigation and subsequent judicial proceedings, subject to compliance with the requirements of the law during the conduct of this operational-search activity and thereby ensuring the rights and legitimate interests of persons subject to criminal prosecution by the state.
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